Short Essay on Coalition Governments in India - 1871 Words

India won her independence in 1947 and for winning this independence Congress, as a political party, played the predominant role. The leaders of the Congress party, then, were great leaders — stalwarts — really dedicated to the cause and to the party which they served. Mahatma Gandhi was the undisputed leader and there were leaders of such caliber as Jawahar Lai Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, C. Rajagopalacharya, Pattabhi Sitaramayya, Sarojini Naidu, Subhash Chandra Bose and a host of others of all castes and all creeds. Among Muslims, there were Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Abul Kalam Azad, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai and among the lower castes — lower castes as then was called — Kamraj in South and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Nobody†¦show more content†¦There had started a gradual decline in the overall governance of the country and the worst ever shock was received by the country in the Chinese aggression in 1962 in which India had to suffer a great humiliation for which Krishna Menon, as the Defense Minister was largely responsible. Further on, on the economic front also, the government in power failed to remove the disparities between the rich and the poor, rather the disparities increased, and there started a voice being raised regarding the backward classes — who were regarded as economically backward — and a further class of ‘Other Backward Classes’, other than the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes came into being and Chaudhary Charan Singh, otherwise and originally a Congressman became the leader and the champion of the Backward classes. During the regime of Indira Gandhi, politics had declined to manipulations and maneuverings to remain in power and the mobilisation of money and muscle power and the media, the law interpreting authorities and the educational system — all these were attempted to be managed in her favour. Just after gaining independence, Mahatma Gandhi had suggested that congress as a political party should be disbanded. That of course, was not done but under Indira Gandhi a vertical rupture took place in the party with a number of old stalwarts deserting the party, forming into Congress (O) under Nijalingappa and Indira Gandhi formed her own group and this was named as Congress (I) ofShow MoreRelatedIndian Trade And Exchange Internationally And Within The Bengal Region1530 Words   |  7 Pageseighteenth century. This essay will examine the Bengali culture in broad sense and then go on to discuss the political organisation of the Bengal region and study how governing of the state occurred between the assigned time period of 1750-1800. The essay will also compare the political organisation of the Qing Dynasty, the Chakri Dynasty, the Neo-Sumerian Empire, the Inca Empire and imperial China to that of the Mughal Empire that ruled the Bengal region. To conclude, the essay will explain h ow politicalRead MoreThe International Business Plan Assignment5722 Words   |  23 Pagesopportunities in overseas countries as much as possible (Samimi and Jentabad, 2014). India is one country which is developing rapidly at the moment along with China (Lal and Clement, 2005). The political, economic, social, cultural, technological and legal climate in India is extremely suitable for international entrepreneurs since business prospects in a country are heavily dependent on the above mentioned parameters. 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Racism and its likely Implications for University Education Free Essays

Introduction The rise of cultural assimilation (a policy response to support multi-ethnicity that promotes the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture), integration and cultural diversity over the past decades in the UK would be a seeming assurance that racism is a thing of past but such assurance would be wrong because racism, while it has indeed reduced significantly over the years is still weaved into the sub cultural elements of the country and hidden from public view (Adamson et al, 2009). The implication of this could be significant especially given that the UK is sold internationally as a tourist destination, financial centre and a place to get quality education (Home office, 2005). By studying the implications more closely, it would be of note that racism could be managed where tourism is concerned because most tourists are short stay visitors who may likely not notice the serious effects of racism but where studying and education is concerned, the effects of racism are likely to be felt because most students who are from outside the city or the country live for years within the city for the span of their education which normally last for years. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism and its likely Implications for University Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now This statement is true for NTIC students because of the racism that is often witnessed in the Nottingham environment. Records show that over 1,700 people were direct victims of racist incidents in Nottingham alone in the year 2005 and 88% of the charges prosecuted were proven in court (Bond, 2011). This scourge is not only witnessed on the streets in the Nottingham city but across schools and in the classrooms from primary schools to Universities, and statistics (See e.g. Law, 2007) shows that rather than decline the rate is seeing the reverse. However, given the importance of Nottingham and the role it plays in offering quality education to members of the public who come from other areas of the country and countries around the world, racism might need to be further understood to gain deeper insight into its variations and its implication particularly for NTIC students. In view of the above background, the overriding aim of this proposal is to set out the groundwork for the dissertation which is aimed at improving understanding into the workings of racism in Nottingham and particularly how it affects current students of NTIC and the implications for future education in the city. Rationale and Importance of the study The motivation behind the chosen topic is varied but is mostly concerned with the researcher’s personal interest and experience. It is taught that such topic will also help to contribute to understanding the modern day nature of racism and how it works. This subject is particularly important because of the concerted efforts that have long been made to eradicate all forms of racism and racial discrimination in all parts of society including social settings such as schools. Determining the perceptions of college students in terms of how they view racism and race-related segregation amongst the student community in Nottingham is therefore a worthwhile means of addressing the critical issues involved in race relations. Research Objectives To investigate the modern nature and variations of racism Understand it impact and implications for NTIC students and education in Nottingham To determine the perceptions of NTIC students about Racism and race relations between fellow students in Nottingham Research Questions What is the nature of racism in Nottingham How is it perceived by NTIC students and what are its likely implications for studying and education in Nottingham Literature Review In the common monitoring project annual report (2005), it was argued that â€Å"the effect of racist attacks and harassment is wider than the effect on the direct victims†. The report continued: â€Å"Racism, and the possibility of being attacked, threatens the quality of life of the whole communities†. The report further shows that since 2004, racism has increased by 2% year on year. The continuous rate of racism includes 1326 incidents of verbal racist abuse, 254 physical assaults, 242 instances of criminal damage, and other allegations such as racial harassment, threats, malicious phone calls, written material, unpleasant substances, graffiti etc (Common Monitoring Project, 2005). The table below shows the reported incidents of racism across different cities in the UK. The calculation was based on 2001 census. Source: Tomasevski, (2005) In another recent study conducted by Hussein et al (2009) on the effects of racism on the Chinese community, they found that â€Å"the Chinese living in the UK are critically subject to series of racial abuse which range from name calling to property damage on their businesses and personal properties, they also found that a range of arson, physical attacks which has often led to emergency hospitalization and death and been meted on the community over the past years† (P.29). In another recent report Craig (2007) found that the scourge of racism is still very prevalent in the UK and especially in remote communities where cultural integration have not played a huge role. Several possible dimensions of racism and racist conduct have been identified in the academic literature. Indeed, a number of academic constructs have been used to categorize and define different contextual facets of racism including supremacism, racialism, segregationism, xenophobia, ethnocentrism, and other associated constructs (see for example Modood, 1992). Furthermore, dimensions of racism have also been discussed in terms of the level of its incidence – whether it is institutional, economic, or individual. Institutional racism may refer to any form of structured or systemic racism perpetrated, promoted or permitted by governmental, religious, corporate or educational institutions especially to the extent that they are able to influence the orientations of a large number of in dividuals. Following this perspective, Jones (2000) identifies three levels of racism, which he suggests can be: institutionalized, personally mediated, or internalized. On another level, Essed (1991, p.3) introduces the conceptual dimension of â€Å"everyday racism†, which refers to the forms of racial discrimination that are manifested in â€Å"familiar, recurrent, systemic practices†; and such practices, according to Essed (1991), ordinarily involve socialized behaviours and attitudes. There is also a dimension of segregation and exclusion that, while not exclusively racial, may incorporate racist considerations. This dimension has been termed ‘social closure’, and as Parkin (1974) explains, it involves â€Å"the process by which social collectivities seek to maximise rewards by restricting access to a limited number of eligibles† (p. 54). Analyse the sources The sources considered for the literature review are more of reports and research findings sponsored by the government and conducted by interest groups as there are relatively small empirical studies accessible by the researcher. While this may potentially limit the outcome of what can be understood about racism. The researcher makes effort to address this problem by scouring every available sources for useful studies and literature on racial discrimination to add to thoughts from modern literature. Research Design A qualitative research approach has been considered for the dissertation because such approach would be more useful in investigating the issues and underlying problems and the implications of racism. According to Stake (1995) qualitative research is useful where the aim is to understand the causes and the real scenarios in research settings. The method would be used as a way of exploring and understanding everything about racial discrimination. Research Method – Case Study The qualitative case study method has been chosen to conduct the research and would focus on Nottingham and in particular the students of NTIC. Yin (1984) defines the case study research method as involving the academic â€Å"study of a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context†. For the most part, case studies are useful for gaining in-depth knowledge because they emphasize a contextual analysis of deliberately limited of events or conditions as well as the relationships that govern them. They will be used for the dissertation to achieve the research aims and objectives. Data Collection Both primary and secondary data collection methods are considered for the research, the main primary instrument considered appropriate is the semi structured interview because of its flexibility in drawing appropriate information from the respondent (Saunders et al, 2000). This method was selected because it would help the researcher to obtain specific information and insights into the incidence of racism among students and other community members in NTIC; useful information pertaining to the diverse dimensions and underpinnings of racism and segregation would be learned through the mentioned interview structure with students and lecturers in the academic community. In total, about 35-40 respondents are considered as the appropriate population size. Secondary data will be sourced from existing reports, research journals and government statistics. Sampling Method Given the nature of the present research, a representative sampling method is considered appropriate. Representative sampling offers the researcher the opportunity to identity the exact representative of the population studied. According to Saunders et al (2000) by using this method, the students of NTIC specifically those who represent other population apart from British are interviewed. In order to maintain objectivity and validity of the research possible outcome, the population will not be limited to any ethnic group or country. Ethical Considerations: One of the foreseen ethical issues might be the disclosure of data from interviewees who may feel uncomfortable answering certain questions about how they feel about racial discrimination. Given that the present subject is also very sensitive, there are certain issues that might arise from concerns especially where some questions are concerned. In addition, use of the collected data might be the fear of some interviewee’s. The researcher will allay such fears by ensuring that only questions which are relevant are asked and data related to personal details such as name will be excluded to protect interviewee’s identity. All respondents will also be assured that data collected will be strictly used for the purpose of the research and shall not be disclosed to any third party, while the researcher will try at possible best to avoid sensitive questions that can cause problems. References Adamson et al (2009). Hidden from public viewRacism against the UK Chinese population. The Monitoring Group and the authors? Bond, A. (2011) â€Å"NUS Reveals Rampant University Racismâ€Å", Durham One, 14 June. Available at: http://www.durhamone.co.uk/news/nus-reveals-rampant-university-racism [29 June 2011] Craig, G. (2007b) Cunning, loathsome and unprincipled’: the racist tail wags the welfare dog’, Journal of Social Policy, 36,(4), October: 605-623. Essed, P. (1991) Understanding Everyday Racism: An Interdisciplinary Theory, London: SAGE Publications Hussein, B, Smith, Law, I. Lau, C. Chau, C, Chueng, T. (2009). Hidden from public viewRacism against the UK Chinese Population: The Monitoring Group and the authors Hammond, R. and Axelrod, R. (2006) â€Å"The Evolution of Ethnocentrism†, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 50(6): 926–936. Home Office (2005) The Race Equality Duty and the Statutory Three Year Review Probation Circular 21/2005, London: Home Office. Jones, C. P. (2000) â€Å"Levels of Racism: A Theoretical Framework and a Gardener’s Tale†, American Journal of Public Health, 90(8): 1212-1215. Law, I. (2007) Tackling racism, whiteness and Eurocentrism in learning and teaching, Educational Developments, 8.3, August: 15-17. Parkin, F. (1974) â€Å"Strategies of Social Closure in Class formation†, Social Analysis of Class Structure, 12: 1-18 Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2000) Research Methods for Business Students, 2nd edition, London: Pitman Publishing Stake, R. E. (1995) The art of case study research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Yin, R. (1984) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications How to cite Racism and its likely Implications for University Education, Essay examples

U.S. Industrial Sectors Profitability free essay sample

The effect of various sectors profitability on the U.S. economy based on import and export statistics. This is an analysis of U.S. industrial sectors and their implications on the economy between 1999 and 2000. The writer examines U.S. import and export statistics of sectors such as food, feeds, and beverages, industrial supplies, capital goods, automotive, consumer goods, petroleum, services and others. At the beginning of the year 2001, the U.S. economy was predicted to have high prospects, with signs of recovery from its previous slow down. However, some economists were adamant there would be a slow recovery of the recession in the immediate future [Pine, 2001]. Art Pine was of the opinion that these economists were wrong as the U.S. economy was seeing ?a steady, albeit slow recovery, with the economy growing at about a 1 percent annual rate in the fourth quarter of this year and accelerating gradually toward a 3 percent pace by late 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Industrial Sectors Profitability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? This prediction could be an imprudent one as one look at the statistics for the rates of exports and imports for the years 1999-2000 [see table].

Western progress Collide Essay Example For Students

Western progress Collide Essay In this short story by Attia Hosain, tradition clashes with western progress and culture. The story starts with a Muslim couple going out for a dinner party at a friends home. Straight away the wife, who is more cultural than her husband, seems to stand out, act different. We must take in consideration that this could be her first social party with others and is very self-conscious about how she looks and acts. She sat on the edge of the big chair, her shoulders drooping, nervously pulling her sari over hear head This sentence show us her body language and how she very anxious and shy. We will write a custom essay on Western progress Collide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The chair is described as big because Hosain wanted to make a comparison in size and make the Muslim wife seem smaller and irrelevant to some extent. The words: drooping and nervously show again how on the edge she is. The first image of an accident we come to is her view of the other lady(ies) and how they have dressed themselves up. The women held a wineglass in one hand and a cigarette in the other. She wondered how it felt The women had long nails, pointed and scarlet. She looked at her own unpainted and carefully short- wondering how anyone could eat, work, wash with those claws dipped in blood. This is her description and comparison of the other women around her. This also shows how she feels of the other women her husband is socializing with. There is another clash in the culture when she again compares herself with the jewelry on some of the other women. To her this is a gathering and people are to be dressed with jewelry to show and to be admired, but instead she notices the others bare wrists, like a widows. Comments were passed around about the women and she pleaded to be unnoticed and unobserved. When new guests arrived she was unsure if she was stand up of stay sitting during the introductions, but then her husband came to answer the problem with a hand on the shoulder, which was a sign to stay seated. Later on she realizes that how her clothes were not as simple as the others and were from a custom, but even if they were no one took notice. no one seemed to care for customs, or even know them Dress can separate people easily, but this is not the case, it is already been decided that she was different and her culture was unknown and unheard of. Her husband on the other side had turned into one of them after all the drinking, smoking and sins he had committed. The young lady was known as His wife and not by name, but to the reader we are just as not knowing as the people at the party. When it came to eating she decided to stay sitting, but was worried that the other guest would notice and find it rude or offensive. Later on a little girl came up to her and offered her some food and commented on the olives on the dish. The Muslim woman was unsure of what olives were but tried them. To her disgust she found them horrible. Food and cultures go together and are all different. The olives, from the western culture were rarely seen let alone tasted in her Muslim culture. There is a recurring image of the clothes and how skin should be covered and not to be seen in her view and culture. This deeply angers her once again. A few couples began to dance She felt a sick horror at the way the men held the women, at the closeness of their bodies I feel most action relating with lust or sexual actions are in discretion in her culture and now she feels that her husband has betrayed her and her culture.

Analysis of Netflix Essays

Analysis of Netflix Essays Analysis of Netflix Essay Analysis of Netflix Essay It slightly decreased one year and increased in the remaining three. Firms would like to have a high margin and a high turnover, so it is a mostly positive trend that turnover is increasing as well as the net profit margin. Total Leverage: unfavorable. The trend Is positive because total leverage has increased most years. The higher number, the more debt a company has which means that the company has to pay a higher interest expense. Therefore, the net income will be lower which will in turn lower the net profit margin, affecting the ROAR. Stockholders want ROE to increase, but not strictly due to the leverage increase. The first two years the LEVEL was O, in year 3 it was . 05 and in year 4 it was . 507. This has been a positive trend. Leverage is defined different in the advanced model. Leverage only includes financial obligations in the numerator. It is favorable that LEVEL has increased from O because it does increase the ROE; however, it is important that the company does not borrow more than it can handle. B. Are any of these ratios meaningless because of factors such as negative amounts, denominator close to zero, accounting distortions? There are several ratios that are meaningless. In the Advanced DuPont model the Net Borrowing Cost, the Spread, and the ROE are all not available for 2006 and 2007. This not because the cell is simply empty but because the denominators are close to zero. The cell content looks like this: #DIVE/O!. Also, the Financial Leverage for the same two years is O in the Advanced DuPont Model, which may be why the NBC cannot be calculated. Also, it is important to note that there are no negative numbers in this data. C. Are there any factors that make you think the 2009 ratios are aberrations and that the future may be significantly different? There are a few insignificant factors that make me think the 2009 ratios are abnormal and that the future may be exceptionally different. I think it is important to note that the NBC stays the same into the future. I would think that the net borrowing cost would change as the company borrows money and takes on more debt. Also, total leverage increased from 2. 295 to 3. 333 from 2009 to 2010. I am not sure if the future wall De very Deterrent u tens mummer seems to De RA mere Ashley Schmidt Accounting 411 Professor Bartlett Due: October 14, 2010 Assignment 5-8: Decomposing the Dupont Model Ratios to better understand underlying causality. To better understand the economic fundamentals that are driving Nineteens ROE, we an decompose (analyze) each of the variables in the Dupont Model. Examine the ratios calculated by veal. A. Examine the more detailed margin, turnover, and leverage ratios. What interpretation can you place on each of these detailed ratios? Looking at the financial statements may help you understand what the ratios mean. Margin Ratios Gross Margin: The gross margin measures the difference between sales and cost of goods sold as a proportion of sales. The gross margin of Nineteens has stayed relatively around the same. It looks like it may start to increase in the near future, UT from the data there is not a definite positive or negative trend. The Gross margin in 2009 was . 378 which means that 37. 8% of sales were profit. This ratio is important to watch if you are worried about increased competition, which is something that Nettling will be facing very soon. EBITDA Margin: This ratio has been consistently increasing for Nettling over the past 5 years. It is the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization as a proportion of sales. Depreciation and amortization only represent the allocation of past capital expenditures and even though a firm may look good with this ratio they ay have to reinvest in its capital base to continue to stay in business. We would want to make certain that Nettling is spending/using capital expenditures wisely. BIT Margin: This is earnings before interest and taxes and it provides a valuable summary of operating performance. This margin abstracts from leverage or tax rate effects and gives a clean measure of underlying operating performance. From gross margin to this ration the relation between sales and profits gets weaker. This margin has also been consistently increasing for Nettling over the past five years and is a good indicator of operating performance. Net Operating Margin before non-race. : This margin is net operating income with any nonrecurring expenses AAA Dacca In wanly are statutes Tort tenet tax consequences. This number has not been consistent for Nettling and is probably due to taxes or costs of non-equity capital (like tax adjusted interest expenses and preferred dividends). Net Operating Margin: This is the net operating income with nonrecurring items. The difference between these numbers from year to year is due to nonrecurring items. In some years there was a bigger difference than others due to these items. The nature of these items can be unidentified from the 10-K and should be looked at to ensure that they are unusual and not likely to reoccur. Turnover Ratios Net Operating Asset Turnover: The net operating asset turnover has increased for three consecutive years and it is currently at 4. 068. Net Working Capital Turnover: This ratio measures how efficiently a firm is managing its working capital accounts. It is ideal to create sales with the smallest investment in working capital. This number has increased and should be looked at further, it is currently at 4. 68. Average Days to Collect Receivables: This ratio is simply the average amount of time that it takes Nettling to collect the money that its customers owe. This number has been O for the four years that veal has data. This may be because Nettling is a subscriber based company, so you have to pay when you sign up for its services. However, there should still be a time greater than zero that it takes Nettling to collect because transactions do not happen instantaneously. Average Inventory Holding Period: This ratio is the average number of days that Nettling holds its inventory. The quicker it is turned over the better. The past three years this number has decreased which is positive for the company. Average Days to Pay Payable: This ratio simply takes the average payable to determine how long it takes the company to pay its bills. This ratio has decreased the past three years which is positive for the company because it means that they are paying off their debt faster. UPE Turnover Leverage Ratios- Long Term Capital Structure Debt to Equity Ratio: This ratio is similar to the financial leverage definition that is used in the Advanced DuPont model; however, preferred stock is excluded from the numerator. It provides an indication of the extent of a firms long-term credit commitments. A higher ratio means a higher probability of financial distress. Nineteens debt to equity ratio is relatively low but did sharply increase from 2008 to U. It would a De Denial to Turner Investigate ten reason Enola D ten Susanne increase. OFF to Total Debt: Funds from operations to total debt shows the working capital created or destroyed by the operations of the firm. This ratio directly compares the debt with the flow of funds that will be used to service the debt so it overcomes the horologists that the debt to equity ratio presents.

Bullet Points and Numbered Lists in Microsoft Word

Bullet Points and Numbered Lists in Microsoft Word Bullet Points and Numbered Lists in Microsoft Word Although most of an academic paper should be written with full sentences divided up into paragraphs, bullet points and numbered lists can be useful in some contexts. For instance, vertical lists are particularly useful when giving examples or reporting steps in a process. Microsoft Word also makes adding lists to a document reassuringly simple. All you need to do is follow the instructions below. Using Bullet Points in an Essay Bullet points are useful when listing things non-sequentially (i.e., when there is no specific order in which the items involved should be listed). They should also be reserved for longer lists, as short lists of up to three or four items can be included in the main text. To add a bullet pointed list to a document in Microsoft Word 2007 or later, simply: Place the cursor where you want the list to begin Go to â€Å"Paragraph† under the â€Å"Home† tab on the main ribbon Paragraph options. Click the â€Å"Bullets† button to begin a list (you can select the type of bullet point you want by using the arrow to open a new menu) Type the first entry in your list, hitting â€Å"Enter† to start the next one To end your list, hit â€Å"Enter† twice after the final item. You can even customize your bullet points with an image of your choosing for a little extra color. We like using eagles, but we admit that this probably isn’t appropriate for most academic documents. Disagree and an eagle will swoop down to correct you. Using Numbered Lists Numbered lists are appropriate when listing items sequentially or in order of importance. The process for adding a numbered list to a document is similar to adding a bulleted list: Select where you want to begin your list Go to the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab Click the â€Å"Numbering† button (you can select a numbering style from the dropdown menu by clicking the arrow) The Numbering options. Type your first entry, then hit â€Å"Enter† to create the next one As with bulleted lists, you end a numbered list by hitting â€Å"Enter† twice after the final item. For more control over the style, select â€Å"Define New Number Format† in the numbering menu. Using Multilevel Lists Finally, if you really want to push the boat out, you can use a â€Å"Multilevel† list. This is useful if you want to include sub-lists within a main list, like in the following: A multilevel list. To add a list like this to your document, you’ll have to: Select a list style under â€Å"Multilevel List† in the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab Multilevel list options. Write out your list as normal, beginning each item on a new line To adjust the â€Å"level† of any given point, simply open the â€Å"Multilevel List† menu and select the appropriate option from the â€Å"Change List Level† submenu Changing list level. As with the other lists discussed here, you can customize the style of multilevel lists by selecting â€Å"Define New Multilevel List† from the menu. This will open a new window where you can modify each level of your chosen list style as required. Editing a multilevel list.

Relationship Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Relationship Marketing - Essay Example To keep the relationship alive, relationship marketing becomes essential. This does not mean that the company should be ‘best friends’ with the client, rather it signifies the idea that a company should use a marketing system in which the marketing stress is placed on creating a long term relationship with customers which comes with the promise of repeat business rather than individual sales (Stone & Woodcock, 1995). This process involves a perceptive understanding of the client’s needs as the customers go through their lifecycle with the company and the satisfaction of those needs as the customer experiences them. Relationship marketing is based on the concepts of marketing but it uses cross functional teams that cut across various departments in a company to provide excellent and complete services to the clients. Rather than have the client go to different locations to get the pricing, service, promotions and other elements of the marketing mix, the entire marketing process can be handled by a team which comprises of various members of the company to provide multiple points of contact for customer groups (Peck et. al., 1999). Therefore relationship marketing is also considered to be a system which is similar to customer relationship management. This is done because the focus is on satisfying the needs of the customer rather than the needs of the company. In such a process, the product and the product lifecycle take differing positions of importance since different types and elements of marketing must be used as the customer and the product itself goes through various phases of maturity. Since the topic of relationship marketing is quite vast, it has been successfully applied to everything from consumable food items (Normandy & Sanders, 2004) to high end luxury cars (Stone et. al. 1996). While a chocolate might have a smaller life as a product, a good car remains with the buyer for several years if not several